Illusory correlation is the phenomenon of perceiving a relationship between two unrelated events or variables, most commonly in psychology regarding groups or behaviors. This bias leads individuals to overestimate the association between certain traits or behaviors and specific groups, often influenced by the saliency of rare or novel occurrences, which can contribute to the formation and persistence of stereotypes.
In a notable study by David Hamilton and Robert Gifford, participants were presented with information about two groups, A (the majority) and B (the minority). Although the behaviors attributed to both groups were proportional, participants perceived that the minority group engaged in negative behaviors more frequently, demonstrating how illusory correlations can reinforce stereotypes.
To counteract illusory correlation, individuals can educate themselves about the statistical realities of group behaviors and consciously work to recognize and challenge their biases and stereotypes.